Pakistan-US relations(1974-1958)

             When Pakistan got independence from British rule. Pakistan was economically very diverse side by side Pakistan was facing partition related  tribulations. Pakistan had fear of war with India while Kashmir was biggest problem. Pakistan had very few resources, when resources were divided between India and Pakistan ,Pakistan got only 17% share on the other side Army was divided equally.In these few resources It was not possible for Pakistan to feed such a big army.

There are two main factors that influenced Pakistan's foreign Policy ;

1. Defense;

      Pakistan had fear of Indian Aggression.She was feeling insecure, antagonism between both the newly born states might turn into war.

2.Kashmir Dispute;

         Kashmir is bone of contention between India and Pakistan. Bot the countries are claiming it as their integral part.But Kashmir is geographically ,culturally and religiously more similar to Pakistan.Pakistan and India fouught war over this dispute in 1948. India occupied Jammu and Kashmir while Pakistan also occupied some areas. Pakistan  wants to settle this dispute through plebiscite according to the Resolution of UN whereas India is delaying it. Pakistan needed to join such alliance which could help Pakistan resolve Kashmir Dispute.Therefor Pakistan Joined American Alliance.

As national interest is supreme. Pakistan had following objectives of its foreign Policy.

1. Intergity; Pakistan's integrity is linked with Kashmir so Pakistan is seeking its defense.
2. Islamic Ideology;Pakistan wants to make its laws on Islamic Principals
3. Improvement of Living Slandereds;Pakistan wants its citizens to lead a prosperous life.
4. International Peace;Quaid-e-Azam said"We want friendship with all nations of the world and enmity with none".

Pakistan received invitations from US and USSR to join  their blocks.Pakistan ignored USSR's invitation because it was against Pakistan's Ideology to make alliance with non-believers. Pakistan  accepted invitation of US because it was only country that could help Pakistan in these diverse circumstances, was US. In 1950 Prime Minister of Pakistan Liaqat Ali Khan visited US. He gave many lectures there on the importance of Pakistan. He called Pakistan as "Heart of Asia.". His Book "Heart of Asia" has been published.Us was the first country that established bilateral relations with  Pakistan on October 20,1947.

On the other side Indian Prime Minister  visited USSR and China. He also made a military pact with US.Pakistan by joining US camp earned hostility and remained isolated from Asian Nations.

         In this regard Pakistan and US made many agreements.

• Pakistan-Us relations during the Government of Liaqat Ali Khan 

Pakistan joined US camp because US was in position to help Pakistan in areas like economics and defense.

On the other hand US also wanted to establish cordial relations with Pakistan because  she wanted to use Pakistan to contain Communism and China.

      In March,1950 prime Minister of Pakistan Liaqat Ali visited to United Nations. He gave lectures there on the importance and called Pakistan as "Heart of Asia"..He called Pakistan as "Heart of Asia.". His Book "Heart of Asia" has been published.US was the first country that established bilateral relations with  Pakistan on October 20,1947.

Liaqat Ali Khan wanted Pakistan to remain neutral in cold war. Personally Liaqat Ali khan was not in favor of joining any of the block.Three days after the formation of Pakistan he said Pakistan would take no side in war of ideologies. When  he was on tour of USA he showed his intention to visit USSR as well but he failed to pay visit to the USSR that showed that Pakistan was tilted towards US.During his period Pakistan remained impartial and did not join any alliance officially.

• Pakistan-Us Relations during the Rule of Khawaja Nazim-Ud-Din

When Khawaja Nazim-ud-Din became the second Prime Minister he wanted Pakistan to remain aloof from America. He was Stuanch conservative politician.His tenure lasted for two years. During his tenure Pak-Us relations did not flurish. But but throughout his rule many Pakistani officials paid visits to US,like Army commander Ayub Khan,Foreign Minister Sir Zafar Ullah khan,Foreign Secretary Sir Irar Ullah Khan,Finance Minister Ghulam Muhammad Khan and defense secretory Sikandar Mirza.

 By 1953 the two countries came to understand each other's point of view and stage was ready for the mutual co-operation. when Ghulam Muhammad visited US in 1953. At the conclusion of his visit it was announced that a Military Agreement between Pakistan and US would be concluded.

• Pakistan Us relations During the Rule of  Muhammad Ali Bogra

Muhammad Ali Bogra preceded by Khawaja Nazim Ud Din was third Prime Minister in office. He was earlier Pakistan's ambassador to US. He had a lot of experience in foreign relations. During his rule Pakistan joined US capitalist block by concluding Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement . This Agreement was signed on 19th May 1954.

  

Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement 

By concluding this Defense Act Pakistan was guaranteed economic and Military aid.In return Pakistans soil was used for conducting reconnaissance operations against Soviet Union.Pakistan got substantial support from these pacts.As Us poured in money and Military equipment to strengthen Pakistan against USSR.US extended over $900millions  worth of   Military equipment Including jets and tanks.Pakistan's communications and radar system was also recognized.It received equipment for additional armored division four infantry divisions,one additional armored division and received  support elements for two corps. The Pakistan Air Force received six squadrons of modern air-jet including F-104,B-57,F-86 and C-130. The Navy also received twelve ships.And Ports of Karachi and ChitaGong were also Modernized.Due to this assistance Army was transformed into a well-organised and well-equipped force working on the mudus oprendi of united States Force. Hunderens of Thousand of Pakistani soldiers were given training by US officers. By these pacts Pakistan made up for its deficiencies.Partition related tribulations were decreased and Pakistan became deterrent against Indian aggression.USSR protested over this Mutual Defense Treaty.After concluding this Treaty this was evident that Pakistan was ally of USA and not of USSR.

The same year Pakistan joined SEATO.

South East Asian Treaty Organization(SEATO).

SEATO was an International Organization for collective defense in south eat Asia created by South East asian Nations ,It is also known as Manila Pact, It was signed in September 1954 in Manila,Philpine.

It was created to block further communist expansion in south east asia. South East asian Nations were to collectively respond any foreign aggression specially of USSR.

Pakistan joined SEATO in 1954. By joining SEATO Pakistan acceded to US demands to fight communism in collaboration to US.In fact Paksitan was under obligation to fight communism while she received no guarantee of collective action against any foreign aggression. 

• Pakistan-Us Relations during rule of Choudhry Muhammad Ali

Muhammad Ali fourth Prime Minister of Pakistan was Bureaucrat by profession ,an accountant in Indian Civil Services. He followed same strategy as it was followed by Bogra. Pakistan signed Bagdad Pact in his tenure.  

Central Treaty Organization

Cenreral  Treaty Organization originally known as Middle East Treaty Organization was formed in 1955 by Iran,Iraq,Pakistan,Turkey and United Kingdom through the Baghdad Pact.This organization was dissolved in 1979.  

Pakistan joined this pact on 23 September,1955.Pakistan was promised to receive economic aid through this pact.It was also formed to prevent the spread of communism in Middle East.

By joining these pacts CEATO and CENTO, Pakistan became America's most allied ally in Asia.Pakistan was now firmly on the side of USA and gave an impression of dancing to the american tunes.Between 1954-1959 Paksiatn received Pakistan received military assistance of 1.5 billion dollars.Pakistan also received economic aid in shape of PL-480 and other loans amounted to 3 billion Dollers.Reasons behind joining SEATO and CENTO were security.Pakistan's hostility with India compelled Pakistan to secure herself by joining these two pacts.By joining these two pacts Pakistan also benefited in the field of diplomacy. The Membership of Cento pushed Pakistan closer to Iran and Turkey which eventually paved way for the conclusion of RCD. 

• Pakistan-Us Relations during the rule of Hussain Shaeed Soharwardi
• Pakistan-Us relations During the rule of Ibriam Ismial Chundrigarh

Same starategy was followed both Hussain Shaeen Soharwardy and I.I.Chundrigurh in their tenures.