Pakistan-US relations(1974-1958)

             When Pakistan got independence from British rule. Pakistan was economically very diverse side by side Pakistan was facing partition related  tribulations. Pakistan had fear of war with India while Kashmir was biggest problem. Pakistan had very few resources, when resources were divided between India and Pakistan ,Pakistan got only 17% share on the other side Army was divided equally.In these few resources It was not possible for Pakistan to feed such a big army.

There are two main factors that influenced Pakistan's foreign Policy ;

1. Defense;

      Pakistan had fear of Indian Aggression.She was feeling insecure, antagonism between both the newly born states might turn into war.

2.Kashmir Dispute;

         Kashmir is bone of contention between India and Pakistan. Bot the countries are claiming it as their integral part.But Kashmir is geographically ,culturally and religiously more similar to Pakistan.Pakistan and India fouught war over this dispute in 1948. India occupied Jammu and Kashmir while Pakistan also occupied some areas. Pakistan  wants to settle this dispute through plebiscite according to the Resolution of UN whereas India is delaying it. Pakistan needed to join such alliance which could help Pakistan resolve Kashmir Dispute.Therefor Pakistan Joined American Alliance.

As national interest is supreme. Pakistan had following objectives of its foreign Policy.

1. Intergity; Pakistan's integrity is linked with Kashmir so Pakistan is seeking its defense.
2. Islamic Ideology;Pakistan wants to make its laws on Islamic Principals
3. Improvement of Living Slandereds;Pakistan wants its citizens to lead a prosperous life.
4. International Peace;Quaid-e-Azam said"We want friendship with all nations of the world and enmity with none".

Pakistan received invitations from US and USSR to join  their blocks.Pakistan ignored USSR's invitation because it was against Pakistan's Ideology to make alliance with non-believers. Pakistan  accepted invitation of US because it was only country that could help Pakistan in these diverse circumstances, was US. In 1950 Prime Minister of Pakistan Liaqat Ali Khan visited US. He gave many lectures there on the importance of Pakistan. He called Pakistan as "Heart of Asia.". His Book "Heart of Asia" has been published.Us was the first country that established bilateral relations with  Pakistan on October 20,1947.

On the other side Indian Prime Minister  visited USSR and China. He also made a military pact with US.Pakistan by joining US camp earned hostility and remained isolated from Asian Nations.

         In this regard Pakistan and US made many agreements.

• Pakistan-Us relations during the Government of Liaqat Ali Khan 

Pakistan joined US camp because US was in position to help Pakistan in areas like economics and defense.

On the other hand US also wanted to establish cordial relations with Pakistan because  she wanted to use Pakistan to contain Communism and China.

      In March,1950 prime Minister of Pakistan Liaqat Ali visited to United Nations. He gave lectures there on the importance and called Pakistan as "Heart of Asia"..He called Pakistan as "Heart of Asia.". His Book "Heart of Asia" has been published.US was the first country that established bilateral relations with  Pakistan on October 20,1947.

Liaqat Ali Khan wanted Pakistan to remain neutral in cold war. Personally Liaqat Ali khan was not in favor of joining any of the block.Three days after the formation of Pakistan he said Pakistan would take no side in war of ideologies. When  he was on tour of USA he showed his intention to visit USSR as well but he failed to pay visit to the USSR that showed that Pakistan was tilted towards US.During his period Pakistan remained impartial and did not join any alliance officially.

• Pakistan-Us Relations during the Rule of Khawaja Nazim-Ud-Din

When Khawaja Nazim-ud-Din became the second Prime Minister he wanted Pakistan to remain aloof from America. He was Stuanch conservative politician.His tenure lasted for two years. During his tenure Pak-Us relations did not flurish. But but throughout his rule many Pakistani officials paid visits to US,like Army commander Ayub Khan,Foreign Minister Sir Zafar Ullah khan,Foreign Secretary Sir Irar Ullah Khan,Finance Minister Ghulam Muhammad Khan and defense secretory Sikandar Mirza.

 By 1953 the two countries came to understand each other's point of view and stage was ready for the mutual co-operation. when Ghulam Muhammad visited US in 1953. At the conclusion of his visit it was announced that a Military Agreement between Pakistan and US would be concluded.

• Pakistan Us relations During the Rule of  Muhammad Ali Bogra

Muhammad Ali Bogra preceded by Khawaja Nazim Ud Din was third Prime Minister in office. He was earlier Pakistan's ambassador to US. He had a lot of experience in foreign relations. During his rule Pakistan joined US capitalist block by concluding Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement . This Agreement was signed on 19th May 1954.

  

Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement 

By concluding this Defense Act Pakistan was guaranteed economic and Military aid.In return Pakistans soil was used for conducting reconnaissance operations against Soviet Union.Pakistan got substantial support from these pacts.As Us poured in money and Military equipment to strengthen Pakistan against USSR.US extended over $900millions  worth of   Military equipment Including jets and tanks.Pakistan's communications and radar system was also recognized.It received equipment for additional armored division four infantry divisions,one additional armored division and received  support elements for two corps. The Pakistan Air Force received six squadrons of modern air-jet including F-104,B-57,F-86 and C-130. The Navy also received twelve ships.And Ports of Karachi and ChitaGong were also Modernized.Due to this assistance Army was transformed into a well-organised and well-equipped force working on the mudus oprendi of united States Force. Hunderens of Thousand of Pakistani soldiers were given training by US officers. By these pacts Pakistan made up for its deficiencies.Partition related tribulations were decreased and Pakistan became deterrent against Indian aggression.USSR protested over this Mutual Defense Treaty.After concluding this Treaty this was evident that Pakistan was ally of USA and not of USSR.

The same year Pakistan joined SEATO.

South East Asian Treaty Organization(SEATO).

SEATO was an International Organization for collective defense in south eat Asia created by South East asian Nations ,It is also known as Manila Pact, It was signed in September 1954 in Manila,Philpine.

It was created to block further communist expansion in south east asia. South East asian Nations were to collectively respond any foreign aggression specially of USSR.

Pakistan joined SEATO in 1954. By joining SEATO Pakistan acceded to US demands to fight communism in collaboration to US.In fact Paksitan was under obligation to fight communism while she received no guarantee of collective action against any foreign aggression. 

• Pakistan-Us Relations during rule of Choudhry Muhammad Ali

Muhammad Ali fourth Prime Minister of Pakistan was Bureaucrat by profession ,an accountant in Indian Civil Services. He followed same strategy as it was followed by Bogra. Pakistan signed Bagdad Pact in his tenure.  

Central Treaty Organization

Cenreral  Treaty Organization originally known as Middle East Treaty Organization was formed in 1955 by Iran,Iraq,Pakistan,Turkey and United Kingdom through the Baghdad Pact.This organization was dissolved in 1979.  

Pakistan joined this pact on 23 September,1955.Pakistan was promised to receive economic aid through this pact.It was also formed to prevent the spread of communism in Middle East.

By joining these pacts CEATO and CENTO, Pakistan became America's most allied ally in Asia.Pakistan was now firmly on the side of USA and gave an impression of dancing to the american tunes.Between 1954-1959 Paksiatn received Pakistan received military assistance of 1.5 billion dollars.Pakistan also received economic aid in shape of PL-480 and other loans amounted to 3 billion Dollers.Reasons behind joining SEATO and CENTO were security.Pakistan's hostility with India compelled Pakistan to secure herself by joining these two pacts.By joining these two pacts Pakistan also benefited in the field of diplomacy. The Membership of Cento pushed Pakistan closer to Iran and Turkey which eventually paved way for the conclusion of RCD. 

• Pakistan-Us Relations during the rule of Hussain Shaeed Soharwardi
• Pakistan-Us relations During the rule of Ibriam Ismial Chundrigarh

Same starategy was followed both Hussain Shaeen Soharwardy and I.I.Chundrigurh in their tenures.

A Political History of Pakistan(1947-2007): Book Review

This book describes the political history of Pakistan from the time of Partition to the Musharraf government. In considerable detail, the authors have described the main features and predominant trends. The aims and achievements of the successive governments are analyzed with particular attention to the interplay of socio-economic forces and interests. The country's foreign policy is examined in the context of the regional and global situation with special regard to the relations between Pakistan and the USSR/Russia.

This is a serious, scholarly narrative regarding the life of the nation. The seven chapters of the book correspond to a specific historical period. The first chapter deals with the struggle for the creation of the new state and the forces driving its emergence. The second chapter analyzes the formative years up to the military coup of 1958, while the third chapter describes in detail the internal and foreign policy of the Ayub Khan administration. In the fourth chapter, the authors single out specific features of the Z.A. Bhutto administration (1971-1977), and in the fifth chapter, they deal with the decade-long rule of General Ziaul Haq. The sixth chapter relates to the study of the 1988-1999 democratic interregnum. The last chapter details the policies during General Pervez Musharraf's rule of the country.

Authers of The Book

V.Y. Belokrenitsky, Deputy Director, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, and V.N. Moskalenko, Chief Research Associate, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences Vyacheslav Yakovlevich Belokrenitsky is a scholar whose main fields of interest have included the economic and political history of Pakistan, international relations in South and Central Asia, and the demography of the Muslim world. Belokrenitsky is presently Deputy Director of the Institute of Oriental Studies Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. He is also Head of the Centre for the Study of Near and Middle Eastern Countries at the Institute. Vladimir Nikolaevich Moskalenko is presently Chief Research Associate at the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences. Moskalenko has also served as Professor at the M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State (National) University. His main areas of interest include the political history of Pakistan; Islam in Pakistan; and the foreign policies of Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, and the Central Asian Republics. Introducton and Chapters 1,2,4 and 6 is written by Vyacheslav Yakovlevich Belokrenitsky while chapters 3,5,7 is written by Vladimir Nikolaevich Moskalenko Book consists of following Chapters: Book is consisted of introduction, seven chapters and Chronology at the end; Glossary Introduction 1. Historical Background to the Creation of Pakistan and Emergence of the State 2. State Building: First Parliamentary Experience (1947-1958) 3. Generals in Power (1958-1971) 4. Civil Administration of Z.A. Bhutto (1971-1977) 5. The Military-Bureaucratic Regime of General Ziaul Haq (1977-1988) 6. The Period of Parliamentary Democracy (1988-1999) 7. General Pervez Musharraf's Government Conclusion Chronology Bibliography Index Book starts with the heading of Introduction in which author has covered whole history of Pakistan shortly. 1. Historical Background to the Creation of Pakistan and Emergence of the State In this chapter author has covered whole Pre-Pakistan history,origion of Pakistan is traced back to Aurong Zeb Alimgir . Muslims parted ways from congress in 1930. Struggle for separation started in 1937 when congress ignored ML and formed government in almost all  the provinces.According to the author second world war paved way for the separation of Pakistan.He terms all the events and struggle of muslims from 1940-1947 as Final phase of struggle. 2. State Building: First Parliamentary Experience (1947-1958) In this chapter Author describes emergence of Pakistan and partition related tribulations,Disputes over territories like Kashmir and other borders,unequal distribution of assets. He explains the political development,stabilization and constitution making process which was ultimately resolved by Bogra formulae in 1954.He analyzes initiative of Pakistan's foreign policy,adoption of constitution and socio-economic changes that took place from 1947-1958.He has also described disputes with India crises that emerged due to confrontations of politicians and these crises were unfolded by military coup of   1958 when Skandar Mirza imposed Martial Law ans Ayub Khan was appointed as chief Martial Law Administrator. 3. Generals in Power (1958-1971) Chapter no three covers two consecutive martial laws. Ayub Khan military rule lasted for three and half years while after the promulgation of the constitution of 1962 he became president of Pakistan. From 1959-1962,Ayub Khan framed new constitution,reformed judicial system,strived and struggled to stable the economy and succeeded to great extent,introduced land reforms, adopted a new industrial and foreign trade policy which brought a lot of investment to Pakistan. Due to his foreign trade policy foreign trade policy Capital reserves increased.He made Islamic education compulsory in schools also modernized the educational system .His Family Law stabilized the family system in Pakistan.Through his regional policy 3he protected different ethnicity in Pakistan.His Labor Policy gave labors protection of their rights,time limitations of duty and right to make labors' associations. Author described that after the promulgation of 1962 constitution, Ayub's civilian rule starts in which political process was evolved,Basic democracies were introduced to devolute powers to gross root level.During his rule foreign relations were cultivated with most of world states particularly with china. Ayub Khan stepped down when he was pressurized by the masses to leave the post of president. Yaya Khan took over, imposed Martial Law ,Abrogated the constitution,led military government for two years but could not convince politicians, stepped down after he was alleged of the separation of Pakistan.He handed over the Powers of Chief Martial Law administrators to civilian Z.A.Bhutto. 4. Civil Administration of Z.A. Bhutto (1971-1977) In the start of this chapter,  the Author appreciates the crismatic leadership qualities of Z.A.Bhutto.According to the author Pakistan got its second birth in the leadership of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.First thing that Zulfiqar Ali bhutto did was reformation of foreign policy. he brought Pakistan closer to Islamic world by convening the session of OIC in Lahore.He introduced socio-economic,land and administrative reforms. He is credited to have given Pakistan Constitution of 1973,a sacred and cosensusable document. According to the Author end of his tenure was not good because he had grown conflicts with military.His conflict with military,successes and failures of his foreign policy are written in detail. His crismatic Leadership was not acceptable for military thats why his victory of 1978 elections was turned into defeat. Military cleansed way by sidelining Bhutto. they saw a murder case was initiated against Bhutto,Made this case instrumental , as Bhutto was sentenced to death. 5. The Military-Bureaucratic Regime of General Ziaul Haq (1977-1988) Jeneral Zia ul Haq imposed Martial Law on 7 July 1977,He enjoyed the longest military rule of seven and half years unlike his predecessors. According to author social context and aim of Zia's Policy was to Islamize the country .He manoeuvred with politics to prolong his military rule by dalaying elections time and again. He brought good economic results to country.He adopted the policy of islamization and issued various ordinances that became successful to Islamise the people.His foreign policy worked well,making good relations in wake of soviet intervention in Afghanistan. 6. The Period of Parliamentary Democracy (1988-1999) This this chapter all political event that took palce from 1988-1999 are written in detail. Bainzeer won elections of 1988 and formed governmet but govt was dissolved by pro-military President of pakistan Ghulam Ishaq. After winning elections of 1992 Nawaz Sharif Rose to the post of PM.In 1992 Nawaz sharif withdrew from Government. Nwe elections held  in 1993 PPP formed Coilation government.He lost her government as well in 1996 due to economic crises in country.Elections held in 1997 and Nawaz Aharif once again became PM.But his government was also overthrown by Musharaf in 1999 due to confrontations between military and Politicians. 7. General Pervez Musharraf's Government After the coup of 1999. Musharaf became Chief Martial Law administrartor of the country.Auther tells that one of the reason of overthrow of Governmet was rivelry between Nawaz Sharif and Musharaf.Martial Law was lifted in 2002.Country remained in state of emergency from 1999-2002. Period of Musharaf from 2002-2007 is called " Military parliamentary regime". Elections held in 2002 and PML(Q) formed government.He also introduced Local Body System. In 2007,crises erupted, Bainzeer and Nawaz Shatif came to Pakistan.Elections held PPP won and formed government. Now Musharaf had to stepdown due to pressure of government and Opposition. In the end a detailed discription of the foreign policy of every phase is written.Chronolog is at the end fron 1885-2008.