The Separation of East Pakistan

                                    

East Pakistan now known as Bangladesh.It was a province of pakistan from 1947 to 1955 it was known as Bengal. It was named as East Pakistan when West Pakistan was made as one unit.Geographically it is bordered with India to the North,East and West,Burma to its northeast,Nepal and Bhutan by the chicken's neck corridor while with Bay of bengal to the South.Its ares is 147,570 square Kilometers.

                  Separation of East Pakistan was great setback to Pakistan.By 1970,the sentiments of national unity had weakened to the extent that constant conflict between both the provinces erupted into a mass civil disorder and  tragically resulted in brutal and violent amputation of East Pakistan.

                As a result Pakistan's international credit depleted and Pakistan's military  being most powerful institution suffered a lot, Homeland of all the Muslims of the world was divided.

Bengladesh Liberation War

Bangladesh liberation war was a military conflict between east and west Pakistan in 1971 which established The Bengladesh Republic.The War began on 25th March 1971 when Pakistani military led by Yaya Khan began a military operation against Bengali nationalists ,civilians and students,intelligencia, religious minorities and demanding self determination and acceptance of 1970s election results. Army arrested Sheikh Mujeeb ur Rehman ,banned all political parties and News papers.

Pakistan army targeted rural and urban areas  with military raides air strikes,massacres, killings . It promoted religious militant groups like Al-Badar,Alshamas which contributed to the sectarian violence.

Responding Bengali military and paramilitary formed Mukhti bahni led by M.A.G Usmani. and eleven sectors commanders.They waged a massive gorilla war against Pakistani Military.The bengladesh Forces liberated many cities and towns  in initial months of the war before the pakistani military regained power. The bengali resistance secured control of large parts of countryside.Liberation forces got huge economic and military support from Indian governmrnt led by Indra Gandhi. Bengal Liberation War was supported by British, India and America.

War lasted for nine months with the mukhti bani successfully defeated Pakistani forces and detained at night by November. India joined war on 3 December 1971, after Pakistan launched preemptive attacks on north India,subsequently Indo-Pakistan war of 1971 took place on two places,Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea

Bohtan recognised  Bangladesh as separate country on 6 December 1971. Pakistani forces surrendered to the allied forces of Bangladesh and India on 16 December 1971 and 90000 Pakistani soldiers were taken as POWs under the Geneva convention.The majority of UN member states recognized the new country in 1972.

There are a lot of causes behind the separation of East Pakistan,Some of them are mentioned here:

                 

1.     Natural Causes

•    Geographical Location

             

Both the wings were thousands of miles far from each other,there was no common border,East Pakistan was surrounded by India. India influenced that led to social,economic and Political disparity with East Pakistan.Relations worsened between the both provinces that resulted in separation. 

•     Languge

            Language of East Pakistanis was Bengali,west Pakistanis spoke Urdu, after the separation of Pakistan. Urdu was declared National language as Quaid-e-Azim in his speech said that only Urdu would be our National Language, This frustrated Bengali as They could only speak Bengali. 

• Culture

Culture is pattern of living,that include,knowledge,beliefs,norms,values,customs,rules and laws. when a society adopts similar complexes ,has a culture. East ans West Pakistan's culture was not same,They had their own distinct culture. West Pakistan's culture was influencing East Pakistan's culture although East Pakistani were 55% but still they got influenced.

2.Political causes;

• Location of capital;

After separation from India,Pakistan made Karachi as her capital, east Pakistanis said that they were in majority so capital would be Dahaka. Location of Capital created great imbalance,uneven distribution of wealth and previlage ,and better jobs for West Pakistan because They were able to sway decisions in their favor.

     All the ministries,offices and industries were in Karachi, These things accumulated more advantage to West Pakistan while East Pakistan was deprived of such advantages,because they were thousands of miles away from Capital.

• Representation

Bengal wanted representation in the legislature on the population bases,while west Pakistan gave representation on equality.

• Basic democracy

In era of Ayub Khan 40000 basic democrats were to be from both the wings,54% Bengali population shared 40000 ,it was injustice they were in majority they should be given seats on the base of population.

• Electoral System

West Pakistan wanted separate electorate system while West Pakistan gave Joint electorate.

• Provincial Autonomy

East Pakistanis wanted and demanded Provincial Autonomy while West Pakistan wanted strong center.Bengalies demanded Provincial autonomy because they were not given population based representation.

• 6 Points of Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman 

The Awami League view was supported by 75% of the electorate in East Pakistan who voted in the elections in 1970.
Pakistan shall be Federation grooming full autonomy on the basis of 6 Points to each of Federating units.

i. The character of Government shall be Federal and Parliamentary. The representation in the Federal legislature shall be on the basis of population.
ii. The Federal Government shall be responsible only for Defence and Foreign Affairs.
iii. There shall be two separate currencies mutually or freely convertible in each wing for each region.
iv. Fiscal Policy shall be the responsibility of the Federating units.
v. Separate accounts of foreign exchange earning of each of the federating units.
vi. The units shall be empowered to maintain a Para-military fore in order to contribute towards national security.

These were interpreted by West Pakistan as designed to bring about the disintegration of the country.

• Economic Disparity Between East and West Pakistan

1.The West Pakistan elite favoured the policies of economic growth of the West Pakistan.


2.Most of lucrative import licences were given to the West Pakistan.


3. Share of East Pakistan was about 26% of total investment (Public and Private) during the First Five Years Plan (1955-1960). Total revenue expenditure in East Pakistan was 2.5 billion as compared to 8.9 billion in West Pakistan.


4.The wave of resentment against this disparity had been rising since 1954 elections. But no drastic and significant change was made in policies. This resulted into bitter-opposition and resentment towards the central government.5.Economic Deprivation

East Pakistan was producing Raw material like cotton,Jute etc. they resented it as more finance was being spent on defense, military equipment  and  ,east Pakistanis said that it should spent on building of dams to prevent floods,eradicate poverty and illiteracy a supply of food to and shelter to ever growing population of Pakistan.

And all white collar jobs were being taken by west Pakistanis.

6.Raw Materials:

Bengal was producing Raw material which was being supplied to India but money earned through Raw material was being used by west Pakistan on defense and military equipment.

7.Economic Institutions;

All the economic institutions like State Bank and most of other banks ,Stock exchange center, chambers of commerce were in West Pakistan while Bengalis were deprived of all such activities.

8.Per Capita Income

Per capita income of Bengali people was less as compared to West Pakistani.

9.Educational institutions

After independence there were 27000 educational in Bengal but after 1965 there were only 26000 educational institutions,this example is evident that leadership was not interested in development and growth of east Pakistan.

Legal Framework order

1. This order was drawn up to provide a basis for the elections for the creation of National and Provincial assemblies and for the drafting of a constitution.
3.National Assembly had to complete the task of framing a constitution within 120 days.
4.After the original failure of the NA to meet in spring of 1971, modifications were introduced into LFO, relieving the assembly of the responsibility of framing a constitution but conferring powers to amend constitution.
5.General Yahya Khan failed to enforce legal frame work order, and the result was the political unrest between the 2 parts of the country.

Military Operation

Grievances of east Pakistanis should have been addressed through dialogue and negotiations but West Pakistan used force that incited people to respond back. As a result Our Army was captures there ,our strong armies' honor was depleted, it suffered huge humiliation.

Colonial heritage:

British were our colonial masters. They considered Bengali as their traitors. Our Politicians also adopted same attitude towards them. As Bengali were not trusted by British due to revolt against british in 1757 similarly we also did same.

Power Structure of Pakistan

Power structure of Pakistan is elitest, Pakistan mainly has six elites in Pakistan. following:

1.Land lord

2.Military

3.Bureaucracy

4.Industrial elite

5.religious elite

6.Professional elite

These sections have their strong grip over Pakistani Politics. They always created hurdles in making good relations between east and west Pakistan.

Role of Ruling Elite

1) Civil Service
2) Military Hierarchy

Their clear ascendancy as a ruling group had long been established, particularly since military coup of Ayub in 1958.
1. This group made all major decisions in terms of economic and defence policies.
2.East Pakistan bitterly complained that there were few East Pakistani officers at highest posts of the civil service. Until 1969 all the higher officers were from West Pakistan or had emigrated from Muslim minority areas of India.
3. Pakistan Army was recruited from 4 districts of Northern Punjab (Rawalpindi, Cambellpur, Jehlum and Gujrat ) and two districts of NWFP (Peshawar and Kohat). 60% Army consisted of Punjabi and 35% Pakhtoon Jawans.
4.The Bengalis were still considered non-martial race.
5.Separation between Ruling elite from the majority of population.
Pakistan bureaucratic and military elite were not only separated from the majority of their population who lived in East Pakistan, but they were also separated in both social and regional terms even from the people of regions like Sindh, Balochistan and Frontier.

The War of Power Between Bhutto and Mujeeb
The Awami League, by virtue of its over-whelming majority in election, was entitled to establish its government, but Mr. Z.A. Bhutto having the patronage from General Yahya Khan boycotted the session of National Assembly at Dhaka, which was postponed by General Yahya Khan. Mr. Mujeeb-ur-Rehman alleged Yahya Khan with partiality and began to agitate the people for civil war.

Military Operation in East Pakistan
1. Mr. Mujeeb refused to go to Islamabad.
2.His home became centre of all policies and administrative affairs of East Pakistan.
3. On March 23, 1971, a lot of West Pakistanis were massacred and Bangladesh Flag was hoisted instead of Pakistani Flag. The Pakistan Day was celebrated as the Resistance Day.
4. General Tikka Khan was made the Governor of East Pakistan. He successfully crushed the anti-government elements, but could not manage the affairs properly due to the non-cooperation of Bengali bureaucracy who were responsible for the revolt.
5.The military operation brought inexpressible miseries and sufferings to the Bengalis. The result was that Central Government deprived herself of the public support and sympathies.

Unity of Bengali Muslims and Hindus

To establish majority on Pak-legislature, they had to unite with their fellow Bengali Hindus. Therefore, the man like H.S. Sehrwardy was a consistent advocate of joint electorates.

International Causes

• Hindu Population in Pakistan

Hindu Professors told Hindus about the injustices.

• Soviet Union,India and USA

We made USSR angry by joining US camp,India broke into war and trapped pakistani soldiers. USA and England supported Bengali liberation war.

   

References:

• Book:V.Y Belokrenitsky and V.N Moskalenko, Political History of Pakistan ,Oxford University Press,Saeed Book Bank,P.197,198,199.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh
• http://storyofpakistan.com/the-separation-of-east-pakistan/
• http://taimoorgondal.blogspot.com/2013/08/causes-of-separation-of-east-pakistan.html
• http://de.slideshare.net/ishaq_744/causes-of-fall-of-east-pakistan
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_East_Pakistan_%281947%E2%80%9371%29
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War

CHAPTER NO 4: CIVIL ADMINISTRATION OF ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO(1971-1977)

      CHAPTER NO 4: CIVIL ADMINISTRATION OF ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO(1971-1977)
Author has composed this chapter under following Headings;

1. Confronting Challenges  and Crises: Foreign policy
2. Socio-Economic Reforms
3. Land Reforms
4. Administrative Reforms
5. Political Reforms: The new Constitution
6. Internal Conflicts
7. Foreign policy: Success ans Failures
8. Economic Difficulties and Worsening of Political Problems
9. Victory in Elections Turns into Defeat

Pakistani News Papers

Daily Express

           

Burmese News papers

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South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation(SAARC)

  

SAARC is a regional organization for economic,political, cultural,social and technical co-operation among South Asian countries, include;

• Republic of India
• Islamic republic of Pakistan
• People's Republic of Bangladesh
• Afghanistan
• Kingdom of Nepal
• Kingdom of Bohtan
• Republic of Maldives
• Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka       

Flags of eight SAARC Countries

Seven countries except Afghanistan are primarily South Asian. 

• Established                8 December 1985
•  Secretariat                Khatmando(Nepal)
• Collective GDP          $ 9.05trillian
• nominal GDP             $2.599trillian
• 3rd largest economy in terms of GDP
• 8th largest nominal GDP
• SAARC countries cover 3% area of the world
• 21% population reside in this area. 
• Ethnically most diversed region  

Idea of SAARC Organization   

President of Bangladesh gave idea of a regional organization for political and economic co-operation among South Asian Countries in May 2,1980 however this idea had been discussed in different conferences . In following three conferences this idea of regional organization was discussed.

1.  In Asian Relations conference held in Dehli on April,1947. It was hosted by Pandat Johar Lal Nehro. This conference was attended by many asian countries . Attendee of this conference laid emphasis on unity of asia connecting all countries in social,cultural,political and economic common interests.
2. In Bogiou Conference held in Philpine on May 1950. Bogiou conference was conceived by President of Phil-pine to discuss formulation of regional organization.
3. In Colombo Power Conference held in Sri-Lanka in April,1954 . This conference was attended by Indonesia,Burma,Inadia and Pakistan. Attendees of this conference are known as colombo powers, conference was not met for any particular issue but to discuss matters related with common interests of these countries.

In latter 1970s, seven inner South Asian countries agreed upon the creation of trade block so thet the people of these countries countries could work with mutual understanding and spirit. President of Bangladesh Zia-Ur-Rehman addressed letters to these countries and expressed his vision that an organization for mutual co-operation was utmost and in greater interest of the region.During his visit to India He discussed it with Indian then Prime minister Morarji  Desai.
King Birendra of Nepal gave a call for close regional cooperation, when he was giving inaugural speech to Colombo Plan Consultative Committee, which held  in Kathmando in 1977.

Efforts towards creation of SAARC
USSRs growing intervention in Afghanistan compelled South Asian Countries to do some efforts to safeguard the region. These efforts accelerated in  1979 as security situation of region was deteriorating. Responding to Zia-ur-Rehman and King Birendra,officials of seven countries met in Colombo in April, 1981. All the countries endorsed proposal of Bangladesh but Pakistan and India were remained sceptical in the begining.Diplomatic consultations started between South Asian countries at UN headquarter in NewYark In august 1980.It was agreed that Bangladesh will prepare draft for discussion. In this regard foreign secretaries met in Colombo in September 1981 where Delegations of The committee of whole was convened.
In this meeting five broad areas of cooperation were agreed.In 1983 international conference was held in New Dehli, India by Indian foreign ministry. In which ministers of seven countries met and adopted the declaration of SAARC. Five major areas of cooperation were agreed in Integrated Plan Action of SAARC, following;

• Agriculture 
• Rural Development
• Telecommunication 
• Meteorology
• Health and Population activities     

These five areas of co-operation were initially agreed in 1983.

Official Establishment of SAARC  
 Officially, association was established in Dahaka, with Kathmando being its Secretariat. First summit of association was held in Decca on 8-9 December 1985 which was hosted by President of Bangladesh Hussain Ershad. Declaration was signed by representatives of SAARC countries;

1. President of Pakistan  Zia-ul-Haq 
2. Prime minister of India  Rajive Gandhi
3. King of  Bohtan Jygme Sygea
4. King of Nepal Birendra Shah
5. President of Sri-Lanka JP javerdene
6. President of Maldives Mamoon Gayoom 

  Accession of Afghanistan to SAARC
Afghanistan is not a South Asian country. In 2005 Afghanistan started negotiating her accession with SAARC this generated great deal of discussions among  other member countries. Because Afghanistan is not South Asian Country so there was discussions about the definition of South Asia because it is a Central Asian country . Afghanistan formally applied for membership in 2006 which was accepted with consent of Members.  
 Introduction of Member States

• Bangladesh is founding member of SAARC with an area of  147,570sqkm and
  156,594,962 population.It is 8th largest populous  country.She got independence from Pakistan in 1971 as result of Bangladesh Liberation war.It is eleventh emerging economy.Bangladesh hosted SAARC's 1st and 13th summit.
• Bhutan is happiest country in south Asia and eighth happiest in the world located at Hamalyas with an area of 38,394sqkm and population is 742737.It hosted SAARC's sixteenth summit.Nepal is kingdom and constitutional monarchy is her political system.
• India is seventh largest country in terms of area and second most populous country with 1.2billion population also world's most populous democracy. Its area is 3,287,590sqkm.Its nominal GDP is world's 10th.Four religions originated from here and four other arrived here.It is federal constitutional republic which got independence from British in 1974.
• Meldives is an island located in Indian Ocean.Its area is 298sqkm and  393,500 is population.lowest high country from sea level.Became independent in 1965 from UK.
• Nepal has eight high mountains with altitude more than 8000m. It has an area of 147,181sqkm and 27million population. In 2008 Nepal converted from monarchy to democracy.It is now Federal democratic Republic and aims to become developed nation by 2022.
•  Islamic Republic of Pakistan got independence from British in 1947. It is sixth most populous country with 180million population. It has an area of 7,96,096sqkm. It is home to Indus Vally Civilization.It is leading Muslim country,nuclear power and founding member of OIC. 
• Sri-Lanka is an island in Indian Ocean. Until 1972 it was known as Cyloon. It is famous in terms of Human Development. She got independence from British in 1948. It has large number of coastal forests and biodiversity.
• Islmic Republic of Afghanistan is landlocked country in South Asia. It covers 652,000sqkm area and its population is 31millions. Afghanistan is home to many dynasties like mughal, khilgi, duranni so on and so forth.Its strategic location has caught attention of many powers like Russia and now America. Cold  war has devastated the country. 

        Observer Members

In 2006 foreign ministers of seven SAARC countries agreed on principal to grant observer status to three applicants, include; US,South Korea and EU.Now observer styatus has been granted to many countries and has almost more than ten observers, following;

1. US(united nations)
2. EU(Europiun union)
3. South Korea
4. Australia
5. Burma
6. Iraq
7. Iran
8. Japan
9. China
10. Mauritius

 Russia and Turkey has have also applied for observer membership while South Africa has also participated in meetings.Fifteenth SAARC summit has decided to impose moratorium on further admission of observer members.
SAARC Secretariat and Regional Centers 
SAARC Secretariat was established in January 1987 and was inaugurated by King of Nepal King Birendra Shah.However regional centers have been established in all member States to promote regional co-operation.Centers are managed by governing boards comprising of Representatives from all  member states,secretary general and foreign ministry of host country. Director of Regional center serves as Member Secretary to the Governing board.following Regional centers are established in member State     

•  SAARC Agricultural Centre (SAC), Dhaka, Bangladesh
• SAARC Meteorological Research Centre (SMRC), Dhaka, Bangladesh
• SAARC Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Centre (STAC), Kathmandu, Nepal
• SAARC Documentation Centre (SDC), New Delhi, India
• SAARC Human Resources Development Centre (SHRDC), Islamabad, Pakistan
• SAARC Coastal Zone Management Centre (SCZMC), Maldives
• SAARC Information Centre (SIC), Nepal
• SAARC Energy Centre (SEC), Pakistan
• SAARC Disaster Management Centre (SDMC), India
• SAARC Forestry Centre (SFC), Bhutan
• SAARC Cultural Centre (SCC), Sri Lanka
• SAARC Development Fund(SDF), Bohtan

SAARC has almost seventeen recognized bodies here I name few of them. 

1.SAARC Chamber of commerce and industry

2.SAARC Law association for co-operation in law
3.South Asian Federation for accounts
4.South Asian Foundation
5.Foundation of SAARC writers and litrature.
AGREEMENTS AND CONVENTIONS 
1.Agreement on South Asian Free Trade Area
During the sixteenth meeting of the council of ministers in 1995 it was decided that there should be Free Trade agreement among SAARC states for better trade relations. On 6 January 2004, 12th SAARC summit held in Islamabad where SAFTA was signed by all countries. Agreement came into action in 2009, It envisaged that twenty percent custom will be reduced for Trade in SAARC region.
2.SAARC Visa exemption scheme  
During the twelfth summit held in Islamabad It was realized by all states that people to people contacts should be boosted. One year visa exception scheme was launched which is available for Lawyers,Sportsmen and Journalists etc.  
3.SAARC Framework agreement For Energy Co-operation       

This agreement was signed during the 18th SAARC summit held in Khatmando Nepal. It was agreed that buyers and sellers,Power producers would be allowed to trade electricity  within the SAARC boundry. They can negotiate taxes and scope with concerned states.They can seek any sort of help  from state as well.

4.SAARC Arbiration council 

During the thirteenth SAARC summit that held in Decca(Bangladesh) all the member states agreed on establishment of SAARC Arbirtration Council headed by Director General who would be chosen from member states in alphabetical order and members of council would be experts from all member states. Council would be given full legal authority for the settlement of disputes and conflicts among states and interacting entities.Disputes may include commercial,investment etc.
5. Convention on Preventing and Combating trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution 
The purpose of the convention is to promote co-operation amongst member states  so that they may effectively deal in various aspects of prevention,interdiction and suppersion in traffecting of women and children and to prevent the use of women and children in international prostitution. 
                                   There has been many other agreements and conventions like:Promotion of Children walfare,convention on crime matters,conventions on nocotic drugs,convention on suppression of terrorism,agreements on establishing slandered regional organizations and establishment of south Asian university is also under discussion   
Areas of Co-operation
In 1985 on five areas of co-opertaion were agreed but now SAARC countries are co-operating with each other in sixteen different ares of co-operation,following;

• Agriculture and rural development
• Biotechnology
• Culture
• Economic and trade
• Education 
• Energy
• Environment
• Finance
• Funding mechanism
• Information,Communication and Media
• People to people contacts 
• Poverty Alleviation 
• Science ans technology
• Security Aspects
• Social Development
• Tourism

Secretaries Generals of SAARC

First Secretary General was Abdul Hassan from Bangladesh. Secretary Generals are selected in alphabetical order from member states.Naeem Ul Islam from Pakistan served as secretary from 1996 to 1998. Secretary General is elected for the tenure of three years.Current Secretary General is Arjun Bahadur Thapa from Nepal.

SAARC Summits 

First SAARC summit was held in Decca, Bangladesh in December 1985.Pakistan hosted two summits, Fourth summit held in Islamabad in December,1988 presides over by Bainzeer Botto and twelfth summit held in Islamabad in January 2004 which was presided over by Mir Zafar Ullah Khan Jamali. Last summit was held in Khatmando,Nepal and next summit will be held in Islamabad,Pakistan.

 

MalalaYousifzai: A Source of Sanguine Image of Pakistan in World

                     Muhammad Waqar Sultan

(Department of Pakistan Studies)

         Pakistan just after the creation was considered as one of the peaceful countries of the world. The nationals of Pakistan within and outside of Pakistan were not, in any case, a source of trouble for the outer world. But, with the passage of time, the growing extremism and sectarianism in society because of some regional conflicts and the extremist teachings of some religious clerics and the exposition of the geo-strategic location of Pakistan and the involvement of world’s powers here made it a state that most civilized western nations hate. Now the ethnic conflicts, political instability, violation of women rights, bonded labor, child labor, suicide bombing have become sources of identity of Pakistan. Due to which foreign investors fear to invest in Pakistan, international sports have culminated and foreign missions dare to make a visit to Pakistan. These all things have distorted the national image of the country outside. Now, it is known outside as the terrorist state and people generally believe outside that all the Pakistani public irrespective of their affiliations and thoughts are terrorists.

But still there emerged personalities who by their will and hard work contributed to the maintenance of peace, promotion of education, promotion of child and women rights and condemned the terrorism in all shapes. Because of these people, the deteriorating image of country bounces back for some times and people outside, than, compel to think that all the people are not violence-loving, rather few miscreant  people do this for their own interest or the interest of the foreign nations. One such personality is Malala Yousifzai. Her enlightened outlook in the rigid society of Swat and her extra-ordinary performance in field of education impressed upon not only the nationals but people around the world. Because of her voice for education, women rights and child rights the local extremist became annoyed   and attempted to execute her but she narrowly escaped from the death. She continued her struggle for the same along with condemnation of terrorism throughout the world after getting well from the murder attempt. As an observer of the international organizations and international missions she visited most of the regions where these things were absent. Within no time she has became the voice of the needy, voice of the women, voice of education and the voice of education. Ultimately she became the icon of unity against the violent element in the world. Malala use to be used as phrase for “world peace”. The international community while recognizing her efforts esteems her with the so many international awards and honors. The most prestigious among them is “Nobel Prize”. Nobel Prize was followed by World’s Children’s Right and the American Liberty Award. She is also the repository of Child’s Nobel Prize. Now wherever there is injustice, if no one has the courage to speak, Malal speaks. The voiceless people got the voice with her person.

The struggle of Malala and her campaign made realized the people that all the people are not terrorists and extremists in Pakistan. All the people are not violating the rights of women, children’s and the minorities.  Most of the countrymen have nothing to do with terrorism, and they should not be blamed because of some black sheep. Malala’s achievements and struggle created a full fledge Malalain Group who are busy in the promotion of like-minded or her thoughts. The work of this group has fastened the movements launched against the extremism. International community who previously declaring all of Paakistanis as extremists, are also ashamed and something compel them to think that think from an another angle. The Pakistani women’s traditional dress was also going to become a source of extremism. But her appearance in conference with the same dresses made the people think it has no link with dresses, rather it is addiction, which has even to those people who wear western dresses. Simple is, it is eye opening for the rest of the world, if a young girl of just seventeen years is that much keen to work to promote the ethical values, so many people of come of age in Pakistan  have more urge to do the same.

She described in her book that one child, one teacher, one pen and one book can change the world”. One child can change the world, Anne Frank, Thandiwe Chama, Om Prakash Gurjar etc have proved it. One book can change the world the religious scriptures like Bible and Quran Pak, Principa Mathemitica of Newtons, Origin of Spices of Darwin, Wealth of Nations of Adam Smith and Das Kapital of Karl Marx have proved it. One teacher can change the world Hazart Muhammad (P.B.U.H), Buddha, Confuses, Plato, Wilder, Lewis, Locke, Einstein have proved it. One pen can change the world the pen of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, Shakespeare, Bentham, Al.Hazen, Al.Razi, Hobbes, Galileo etc have proved it. She while doing so, told the world that yes one child can change the world and one child can be source of the removal of myths about the country in the minds of the people outside.

All India Muslim League

Muslim Leaders informal session on 30, December, 1906

On December,30 1906, Members of Muhammadan Educational Conference holded an informal session to discuss political situation of Muslims, in this session Sir Salimullah tabled a movement to form Political Party for Muslims, This move was unanimously accepted so All India Muslim League was formed.following personalities were appointed as office bearers of Muslim League.

Sir SalimUllah brought movement.

Sir Agha Khan (1st president)

Hussain Bilgrami (Secretary general of ML)

Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk(joint secretary of ML)

  Nawab Waqar -ul-Mulk( Joint Secretary of ML)